Knowledge base · Personal health
The gut-hormone axis: the microbiome and hormonal processes
The gut microbiome is involved not only in digestion, but is also connected to hormonal systems in the body.[1] Research describes several routes by which gut bacteria may influence hormonal processes: the production of microbial metabolites, the regulation of gut hormones, the modulation of inflammatory processes, interaction with the immune system, and the metabolism of sex hormones.[2][3] The gut microbiome appears to play an important role in various hormonal processes. The science behind this gut-hormone axis is developing rapidly, but many mechanisms are still being investigated further.
How do gut and hormones communicate?
Gut bacteria can influence hormones released by the gut wall itself. These gut hormones play a role in satiety, appetite, glucose balance and energy expenditure.[1][6]
The estrobolome: the gut microbiome and oestrogen
The estrobolome is the collection of gut bacteria involved in the metabolism and regulation of oestrogens.[2]
Certain gut bacteria produce enzymes, including β-glucuronidase, that can influence the availability and processing of oestrogens in the body.[2][3]
Although the relationship between the gut microbiome and oestrogen balance is promising, it has not yet been fully established which changes are clinically relevant.[9]
Gut microbiome and women's health
Research currently examines possible associations between the gut microbiome and the menstrual cycle, menopause, PCOS, fertility and hormonal changes across different life stages.[4]
In conditions such as PCOS, differences in the gut microbiome are described. However, it is not yet clear whether these changes are a cause, a consequence, or part of a complex interplay.[5]
Gut microbiome, weight and metabolism
The gut microbiome may be involved in processes relating to energy balance, insulin sensitivity, fat storage and appetite regulation.[6][8]
Gut bacteria can influence these processes via metabolites, such as short-chain fatty acids, and through their interaction with gut hormones.[7]
A gut microbiome analysis is not a weight test or a hormonal test, but it can provide insight into features of the personal gut ecosystem that may form part of a broader lifestyle approach.
What can a gut microbiome analysis add?
A gut microbiome analysis can be of interest to people who:
- want more insight into their own gut ecosystem;
- are looking for support with a healthy lifestyle and weight management;
- have questions about gut health and hormonal changes;
- want to personalise their diet further.
Interpretation in context
Results are always interpreted together with medical history, symptom pattern and personal circumstances. A result is never assessed in isolation.
Medical nuance
A microbiome analysis does not measure hormone levels and does not replace endocrinological or gynaecological investigation. For hormonal complaints, assessment by your GP or specialist is the first step.
Further reading: back to the knowledge base, gut microbiome test, Personal programme — 1 year or an introductory consultation with the doctor.
Science gives us ever more data. But its meaning starts with the person.
A doctor looks not only at what is measurable, but also listens to what someone experiences.
Scientific references
The information on this page is based on scientific literature about the relationship between the gut microbiome, hormonal processes and metabolic health. Below is a selection of key reviews and review articles. Because this field is developing rapidly, this database is expanded regularly.
Reference 1
The Gut Microbiome Influences Host Endocrine Functions
Endocrine Reviews · 2019 · Review
Reference 2
Estrogen-gut microbiome axis: Physiological and clinical implications
Maturitas · 2017 · Review
Reference 3
The Impact of Estrogen Status on the Gut Microbiome: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Frontiers in Endocrinology · 2026 · Systematic review + meta-analysis
Reference 4
The Gut Microbiome and Female Reproductive Health
Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism · 2021 · Review
Reference 5
Gut Microbiota and Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: A Systematic Review
Compiled review literature · 2024 · Systematic review
Reference 6
The Role of Gut Microbiota in Obesity and Metabolic Disorders
Nature Reviews Microbiology · 2021 · Review
Reference 7
Gut Microbiota and Metabolic Health: The Role of Gut Hormones
Compiled review literature · 2024 · Review
Reference 8
Gut Microbiota and Insulin Resistance: Mechanisms and Therapeutic Perspectives
Compiled review literature · 2024 · Review
Reference 9
Spotlight on the Gut Microbiome in Menopause: Current Insights
Nutrients · 2022 · Review
Reference 10
Diet, the Gut Microbiome, and Estrogen Physiology: A Review in Menopausal Health and Interventions
Compiled review literature · 2026 · Review
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